How difficult was it for a Middle Eastern theocratic society to adapt to the intellectual, technological, economic, political, and social challenges presented by the West in the 18th and 19th centuries?

How difficult was it for a Middle Eastern theocratic society to adapt to the intellectual, technological, economic, political, and social challenges presented by the West in the 18th and 19th centuries? How might this have led to negative stereotypes? Do we similar patterns in certain societies in today’s Middle East in their relations with the West?