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Define and discuss the nursing metaparadigm within the context of the selected middle range theory.

Good, M. (1998). A middle-range theory of acute pain management: Use in research. Nursing Outlook, 46(3), 120-124. doi:10.1016/S0029-6554(98)90038-0

1. Define the middle range theory and the purpose of the selected middle range theory.
2. Define and discuss the nursing metaparadigm within the context of the selected middle range theory.
a. Explain how the theorist employs and defines each of the four concepts that comprise the nursing metaparadigm within the selected middle range theory
3. Explain the importance of the selected middle range theory in nursing practice.
a. provide and discuss two examples of use of the selected middle-range theory from current practice

“Slavery was not cemented in as part of this nation’s economic history until Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.”:Explain.

These are the lecture notes so use some reference to the source as well as Slavery and American Economic Development by Gavin Wright for a reference and one more additional source any choice.

So, slavery, cotton, and politics become completely entwined very early in the nation’s history.

The War of 1812 was the war that saved the American Revolution and a feeling nationalism grew across the country.

Hartford Convention – This was a succession threat by Federalists in New England. But, the war ended before this became public and these Federalists now seem to be pathetic and discredited and the party was destroyed.

The was itself was a disaster from the beginning in military terms. The capital was burned, our armies were routed. The economy was in shambles. The Treasury Department did not have $30 to pay a naval contractor’s bill. The department was being run by a complete incompetent, William Jones, who will also be important later.

Monroe won the 1816 election. It was a very lopsided triumph, a complete landslide. Monroe was presiding over a nation at peace that was undergoing a land boom because of the peace, and was led by one united national political party.

Land speculation ran rampant. People borrowed money to buy more land, and land values continued to rise. But, as long as land prices continued to rise, all would be ok.

2 things happen – In 1816, a huge volcano erupted. Ash was captured by upper atmospheric winds and created a year without a summer, ruining crops across the United States. Moreover, peace in Europe allowed European farmers to grow their own grain. They did not need American grain. So, the value of grain drops, the value of land drops, and there was no need for cotton either as no one could really afford the cloth. This leads to a complete collapse of the land bubble and banks, and there was an enormous number of foreclosures.

The 2nd Bank of the United States had been recklessly issuing notes and loans, and the national bank was filling up with state bank notes. 2nd Bank of the United States had a major advantage over state banks, their money was worth more as it was backed by the government. So, in the background for every state bank was the fear that a representative from the 2nd Bank would show up and demand payment in gold for their notes and that the state bank would not have it. So, the state banks hated the 2nd Bank.

In 1818, Monroe decided that it was time for William Jones to go so that the Bank of the United States could be saved, because it had become so overextended under Jones. Monroe appointed Langdon Cheves. Cheves was everything Jones was not. He knew how to run a bank, and he was going to do what was needed no matter who was hurt to save the bank. Cheves started to call in the loans the 2nd Bank had given out. He restricted the supply of bank notes, and stopped giving out loans. This squeezes everyone in the economy, prices collapse, foreclosures skyrocket, and a general financial and economic crisis, the Panic of 1819, broke out. Many people were completely ruined.

One man who was ruined was a storekeeper in Tennessee. He and a partner had borrowed money to buy goods to sell. The merchants they had bought from needed money and called in the loan. The storekeeper did not have it. Moreover, his partner stole what money the store had and left. The storekeeper was ruined but he made good on all of his debts even though it took the rest of his life. The storekeeper was Andrew Jackson. Jackson blamed the 2nd Bank for all of this, and he will hate it forever.

Election of 1820 – Monroe won in an even bigger landslide. Even though the economy was in shambles, people at this time did not blame the president, or his political party, for economic problems.

Missouri caused a major issue at this time. The territory wanted to become a state and wanted to be a slave state. Cotton planters from the South had brought slaves onto the good cotton land of Southwest Missouri. They were men of wealth and power, and got protection for slavery into the state constitution. This caused a major uproar across the nation. Jefferson called it a “Firebell in the Night.” When Jefferson bought this area for the country he had planned for it to be admitted to the Union under the same setup as the Northwest Territory. So, any area this far north should have been free territory. This fight over slavery would wake up the American people. It was a divisive issue that had not disappeared from society as many people had hoped. Slavery was a fire that would sweep the nation.

A compromise would be needed to solve this problem, the Missouri Compromise (or Compromise of 1820). Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and Maine admitted as a free state. This keeps the balance of slave and free in the Senate. Also, a line was drawn along the southern border of Missouri and no new slave states above that line would be admitted to the Union.

Tariffs also became an issue at this time. The Tariff of 1816 put taxes on iron and cotton cloth imports to protect home industries. In 1820 and 1824, protectionists tried to get more protection passed. But they were not able to. Many thought that Hamiltonian ideas of protectionism were dead.

In 1823, Langdon Cheves asked to retire. He had been blamed for everything that had gone wrong during the 1819 Panic. He was tired and wanted to go home. Monroe agreed. Cheves suggested replacing himself with Nicholas Biddle, the most well informed banker in the United States. He knew most of the other major bankers around the world and was very well qualified. Monroe agreed and appointed him.

Biddle began a cautious expansion of the Bank’s activities. More notes and loans went into circulation. This helped with the recovery after the panic and helped make the country extremely prosperous. Biddle oversees one of the longest periods of economic expansion in American history.

1824 election – There was still only one political party at this time, but a split was starting to form between those who support the bank and internal improvements and those who did not. This was a 4 man race, J.Q. Adams, Jackson, Clay, and Crawford. No one won the majority needed to claim the election and it was thrown into the House of Representatives. Crawford was quickly eliminated as he had a stroke and was a non-factor. Clay and Adams supported the same kind of platform. Moreover, Clay was in last place behind Adams and Jackson, thus he was a kingmaker. He threw his support to Adams in return for the Secretary of State job. Adams wins and appointed Clay. Jackson immediately began campaigning for the next election on the basis of the “corrupt bargain” Clay and Adams struck.

Adams gave an inaugural address discussing of all the improvements he wanted, such as a national university and major observatories, along with other things. This showed to many at the time that he did not have the common touch to identify with the common people.

Between 1825 and 1826, Adams and Clay made good strides on their American system. Canals and turnpikes were funded with federal monies and intrastate improvements received support. One example was the Louisville Canal Company, a private company to help steamboats get around the rapids on the Ohio River at Louisville. This showed the constructive power of the federal government. But, these projects were very controversial, with many Americans believing that the federal government should not be involved in things like this.

Adams naturally wanted to run for re-election in 1828, and Clay supported him. Adams knew that he had to do some repair work with the party though. One area he needed to work on was in New England, as manufacturers there were having problems with international competition. They wanted a high protective tariff. The last time this was tried in 1824 it failed.

Jackson’s people used this to set a trap. Instead of a small protective tariff, they jacked up the rates and made them insanely high. It passed through Congress with the support of Jackson’s men. Adams had said he would sign any tariff Congress saw fit to pass. Jackson’s men knew if he signed it he would lose the next election because the people would hate the tariff so much. But, he had no choice and he signed it, which sealed his fate. This tariff went down in history as the Tariff of Abominations, as it was that bad.

In 1828, Jackson won a landslide victory. He won almost every state. Jackson’s men gave different speeches in different areas to drum up support: he supported tariffs in the north, said he was against them in the south. He supported internal improvements for the west, while he told people in New York he was against them. There was no mass communication at this time, so there was no real way for people to catch on and he shaded his meanings depending on the area.

When Jackson started to govern in 1829 his people were confused, very few knew what he really believed. Jackson believed a few things. He stated that he was the only politician elected by the entire people, thus he was the will of the people, no one else one could claim to talk for all Americans. He threw open the White House to the people for the inauguration to show he was a man of the people. It was insanity and the White House was completely wrecked.

He won the election, and he believed that to the winner goes the spoils. He had the ability to appoint federal officeholders and he spawned the spoils system. He threw out Adams supporters, no matter how good they were at their jobs, and put in his own men and he did this for almost every office he could. This had never happened on this scale before.

Jackson came into office with 3 major policy objectives: he wanted to pay down the public debt, and drops it from 60 million to 38,000 dollars under his administration, this was the closest any President ever came to paying it off. He also wanted to reduce the tariff while also continuing to build internal improvements and support the military. He does this through land sales in the public domain. Finally, he wanted to destroy the 2nd Bank. Jackson said in his inaugural address that the national bank may not be constitutional. This was not true, McCulloch V. Maryland had decided this, but Jackson did not care, he hated the bank.

Jackson could not really claim to represent the people when most of the people could not vote, as there were age, sex, race, and wealth requirements to vote at this time. Jackson does favor doing away with these wealth qualification, and, for the time, he could be considered a real democrat.

Jackson first set out to appoint his cabinet. One of the men he appointed was John Eaton as Secretary of War. He was married to a women named Peggy. She was married to another man, a naval office, when John met her. She was working at her father’s boarding house, and rumors had it that she slept around. Her husband committed suicide and she married John. But, she was shunned by the other cabinet wives, led by the wife of Vice President John Calhoun. The Eaton’s were very close to Jackson and Jackson felt that that this was a personal attack on him. He had become very touchy about the women close to him after the death of his wife and the attacks that had been heaped on her during the presidential campaign. This caused a huge rift in the cabinet and administration. No one would dance with Peggy at social functions because of Mrs. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun begged her to not do this but she was a women of breeding and Peggy was not, to say the least. This greatly soured the relationship between Jackson and Calhoun and would help to color later events. Calhoun was moved out of Jackson’s inner circle, while Martin Van Buren (MVB) was able to move into it. He was a bachelor and could dance with Peggy and show her consideration, this gets him in with Jackson.

Kitchen Cabinet – MVB, Roger Taney, and Amos Kendall – They unofficially advised Jackson on issues. This will be important in 1830 during the fight over the Maysville Road, which was vetoed by Jackson. The veto messages was written by the Kitchen Cabinet, especially MVB, based on his own experience with intrastate projects, such as the Erie Canal. This bill was rejected because it was intra, not inter, state. If people of Kentucky wanted a road only in Kentucky they could pay for it. Moreover, rejecting this would be something against Henry Clay, a major political opponent.

Jackson’s supporters felt that this veto showed that Jackson was completely against Clay’s American system. That all internal improvements were dead. This was not true. Jackson built more miles of roads than all of the presidents before him. But, this projects just had to be interstate. He put forward the biggest undertaking of infrastructure improvements in the nation’s history, especially river and harbor improvements.

Jacksonian Democrats made being against internal improvements part and parcel of their beliefs. Thus, Jackson was not really a Jacksonian Democrats. He was not that simple of a person. This was not a huge defeat for Clay, Clay knew this was coming.

1830- Jackson changed U.S. Indian policy – Cherokee Territory in the South and other native lands in Wisconsin, were sovereign Indian nations. This created many issues because of land hunger by Americans in the area. Gold was discovered on Indian lands in Georgia, and this causes the problems one would expect. Georgia oversaw the systematic encroachment on Cherokee land. The Cherokee sued in court. Jackson sided with the people of the states involved and ordered the Army to remove Indians from these areas into Oklahoma. The Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court. John Marshal issued an injunction stopping the removal. Taney, the Attorney General, brought the injunction to Jackson and asked him what to do. Jackson says lets see Marshal enforce his order, he command the army. Jackson ignored the court and did what he wanted. This beings what is known as the Trail of Tears, many Indians die during this forced removal.

Election of 1832 – Jackson wants to be re-elected. He realized that his biggest issue was the removal of the tariff. It had been revised in 1830 and 1832, but was still there. The tariffs was a very important issue in the South. Calhoun put forward the idea of nullification in his Exposition and Protest to combat the tariff. A state could nullify a federal law if it felt that it was illegal. He also talked of secession as the final remedy for problems like this. He does all of this anonymously. The state must protect the people from the tyranny of Federal law.

By 1831, Calhoun had come out in the open about his views and his opposition to Jackson. He could no longer try to play both sides of the street. Moreover, he had gotten his ideas from the VA and KY Resolutions.

Jackson put forward a great deal of effort to get a compromise tariff passed in 1832. He wanted this controversy settled. He had run in 1828 on reducing the tariff, and he only was able to get it slightly reduced.

Calhoun could no longer serve as Vice President, especially after it was revealed that Calhoun, as Secretary of War under Monroe, had pushed to have Jackson removed from command when he invaded Florida against orders.

South Carolina nullified the tariffs and declares the Charleston custom house closed and tariffs will not be collected. Next, South Carolina passed a law to create an army to uphold nullification.

This was the backdrop which Jackson was working under. A few weeks earlier Jackson had easily won reelection against Henry Clay and felt that he had won a popular mandate to pursue his ideas.

Jan 16, 1833 – Jackson asked Congress for authorization to use force against South Carolina. In February, Congress passes the Force Bill give Jackson the power to use the army against South Carolina. Jackson stated that nullification was inconsistent with the idea of a Federal Union. Jackson was modeling himself after Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion and Jackson prepared to lead the army into South Carolina. Other southern states did not side with South Carolina in their stance. A compromise tariff was rushed though Congress and South Carolina backed down. Thus, Jackson succeeded in putting this down. But, to keeps its honor and to show it believed its ideas, South Carolina nullified the Force Bill, which Jackson just ignored.